The association between parenting styles, maternal self-efficacy, and social and emotional adjustment among Arab preschool children

Abstract Parenting styles and parental self-efficacy are major factors that affect the overall adjustment of children. The current study examined parenting styles and maternal self-efficacy and their association with social-emotional adjustment among Arab preschool children living in Israel. Parenting Styles Questionnaire , Maternal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire , and Adjustment Questionnaire were administered to 420 Arabic-speaking mothers of 3- to 4-year-old children. After employing multiple regression analyses, the results indicated that parenting styles and the overall adjustment of children were significantly correlated. More precisely, a significant association between authoritative parenting style and higher levels of social-emotional adjustment among preschool children was found. Furthermore, maternal self-efficacy was significantly correlated to the overall adjustment of children. In this regard, higher maternal self-efficacy is associated with increased social-emotional adjustment among preschool children. The findings of our study show the applicability of these constructs found relevant across numerous cultures in a unique sample of Arab children living in Israel. Lastly, this study supports intervention programs that promote authoritative parenting style and parental self-efficacy in Arab communities.

Competencias sociales, emocionales e interculturales como parte fundamental del perfil integral de estudiantes de pregrado / Social, Emotional, and Intercultural (SEI) Competences as a Fundamental Part of the Integral Profile of Undergraduate Students

Resumen En el perfil profesional de los programas educativos de todas las disciplinas se señala que las competencias de los estudiantes universitarios tendrán que reflejar sus conocimientos, capacidades y habilidades para operar en un mundo más interconectado globalmente. Las competencias Sociales y Emocionales, como parte fundamental del ser y de la memoria social dan a los estudiantes de pregrado un punto de partida para su formación y al mismo tiempo influye en la constitución de la inteligencia Intercultural que le permitirá al futuro profesional desempeñarse en un contexto global, como parte fundamental del perfil integral.

Abstract: In the professional profile of educational programs of all disciplines, it is pointed out that the competences of undergraduate students will have to reflect their knowledge, abilities, and skills to operate in a more globally interconnected world. The Social and Emotional competences, as a fundamental part of the being and of the social memory give undergraduate students a starting point for their formation, and at the same time, influence the constitution of Intercul tural intelligence that will allow the future professional to perform in a global context, as a fundamental part of the integral profile.

Social Emotional Learning (SEL) Program Among Fifth graders, Three and Six Months Later / Intervención de Habilidades Sociales en Estudiantes, Tres y Seis Meses Después de su Participación

Abstract This study carried out a follow-up three and six months after the application of a Social Emotional Learning (SEL) program, aiming to verify the maintenance of social skills in Elementary Education students in situations of social vulnerability from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A sample of the intervention and control groups composed of 20 students aged 10 to 13 (M = 10.3, SD = 0.8), boys and girls were selected. The SSRS (Social Skill Rating System) and the TDE (School Achievement Test) used in the intervention for teachers and students were reapplied. The results showed that the decrease in psycho-pathological symptoms and the improvements in academic performance were maintained after the intervention. These findings highlight the relevance of developing social emotional learning programs with elementary school students.

Resumen La investigación realizó un follow up de tres y seis meses después de un entrenamiento de habilidades sociales (EHS), con el objetivo de verificar el mantenimiento de habilidades sociales de estudiantes de la Ensenanza Fundamental en situación de vulnerabilidad social en Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Se hizo selección de una muestra de los grupos intervención y control compuesta por 20 alumnos, de edades entre 10 a 13 (M=10.3; DE=0.8), ninos y ninas. Reaplicó los instrumentos SSRS (Social Skill Rating System), TDE (Prueba de Desempeno Escolar) utilizados en la intervención para profesores y alumnos. Los resultados mostraron que las ganancias del grupo de intervención en habilidades sociales, disminución de sintomas psicopatológicos y mejora en el rendimiento acadêmico se mantuvieron después de la intervención. Estos hallazgos destacan la relevancia de desarrollar la formación en habilidades sociales para los estudiantes de la escuela primaria.

Validación y puntos de corte de la versión en español del Cuestionario de Edades y Etapas: Social-emocional, 2da edición (ASQ:SE-2), en un entorno ambulatorio urbano de Lima-Perú / Validation and cut-off values of the Spanish version of Ages & Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional 2nd edition (ASQ:SE-2) in an urban outpatient setting at Lima-Perú

RESUMEN Objetivos: Determinar la confiabilidad, validez y puntos de corte de la versión en español del Cuestionario de Edades y Etapas, 2da edición (del inglés Ages & Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional, 2nd Edition (ASQ: SE-2). Material y Métodos: Mediante muestreo por conveniencia se aplicaron formas del cuestionario ASQ: SE-2 a padres de niños entre 15 y 48 meses de edad. La confiabilidad se determinó por medio de la consistencia interna del coeficiente alfa ordinal (α) y la validez de contenido mediante la correlación ítem-test (r). Los puntos de corte para establecer zonas de riesgo se determinaron empleando el percentil 65 y la curva ROC. Resultados: De un total de 236 cuestionarios aplicados, el coeficiente alfa ordinal se ubicó entre aceptable y bueno (α = 0.73-0.87) para los 5 cuestionarios de intervalos de edad entre 18 y 48 meses. El índice de correlación de prueba de ítems mostró un buen poder discriminatorio para la mayoría de los ítems (r> 0.30), con la excepción de un ítem para los meses 30, 36 y 48. Nuevos puntos de corte para los intervalos de edad entre 15 y 48 meses fueron determinados. Conclusiones: La versión en español de ASQ: SE-2 aplicada a padres de niños de 15 a 48 meses de edad en un entorno ambulatorio y en un área urbana de Lima-Perú, demostró ser una herramienta confiable y válida para la vigilancia y detección de etapas del desarrollo emocional.

SUMMARY Objectives: A study was carried out to determine the reliability, validity and cut-off points of the Spanish version of Ages & Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional, 2nd Edition (ASQ:SE-2). Material and Methods: Questionnaire forms of ASQ:SE-2 between 15 to 48 months were applied to parents of children chosen by convenience sampling. Reliability was determined by the internal consistency through Ordinal alpha coefficient (α), and validity of content through Item-test correlation (r). The cut-off points to establish risk zones were determined using the 65th percentile and ROC curve. Results: Two hundred thirty-six questionnaires were applied. The Ordinal alpha coefficient reached a between acceptable to good level (α = 0.73-0.87) for all 5 age-intervals questionnaires between 18 to 48 months. The Item-test correlation index pointed a good discriminatory power for most items (r > 0.30), with the exception of one item for the months 30, 36 and 48. New cut-off points for the intervals-age between 15 - 48 months were determined. Conclusions: The Spanish version of ASQ: SE-2, applied to parents of children from 15 to 48 months of age in an outpatient setting from an urban area of Lima-Peru proved to be a reliable and valid tool for surveillance and screening of steps of social-emotional development.

Construção e Validação de uma Escala de Competências Socioemocionais no Brasil / Development and Validation of a Socioemotional Competences Scale in Brazil / Construcción y Validación de una Escala de Competencias Socioemocionales en Brasil

O objetivo deste artigo é construir e validar uma escala de Competências Socioemocionais no Brasil. A prospecção dos itens foi realizada por meio da coleta de dados a partir de um grupo focal com gerentes de agências do Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social (INSS). Uma amostra de 424 indivíduos (220 mulheres e 204 homens) foi utilizada para avaliar a confiabilidade e a validade de 34 itens, mas o processo de análise exploratória preliminar dos dados possibilitou a exclusão de 9 itens. Os 25 itens da escala final foram agrupados em cinco competências, denominadas de consciência emocional, regulação emocional, consciência social, autocontrole emocional e criatividade emocional. A Escala de Competências Socioemocionais representa uma contribuição teórica nos campos da administração, da psicologia da educação e do trabalho porque foi desenvolvida e validada a partir de uma base teórico-empírica, considerando a realidade da cultura brasileira.

The purpose of this paper is the development and validation of a measure scale of Social-Emotional competences in Brazil. The prospecting of the items was performed by collecting data from a focus group with managers of the National Institute of Social Security (INSS) agencies. A sample of 424 individuals (220 women and 204 men) was used to evaluate the reliability and validity of the 34-Item of Social-Emotional scale, but the preliminary exploratory data analysis process that led the exclusion of 9 items. The 25-Item of the final Scale were grouped into five competences called emotional awareness, emotional regulation, social awareness, emotional self-control, and emotional creativity. The Social-Emotional competence scale represents a theoretical contribution in the field of Management, Education and Work Psychology because it was developed and validated from a theoretical-empirical basis considering the reality of the Brazilian culture.

El objetivo de este artículo es construir y validar una escala de competencias socioemocionales en Brasil. La prospección de los ítems se realizó mediante la recopilación de datos de un grupo focal con gerentes de agencias del Instituto Nacional de Seguridad Social (INSS). Se usó una muestra de 424 individuos (220 mujeres y 204 hombres) para evaluar la confiabilidad y validez de 34 ítems, pero el proceso preliminar de análisis de datos exploratorios requirió la exclusión de 9 variables. Los 25 ítems finales de la escala se agruparon en cinco competencias que fueran denominadas de conciencia emocional, regulación emocional, conciencia social, autocontrol emocional y creatividad emocional. La escala de competencia socioemocional representa una contribución teórica en el campo de la Administración, de la Psicología de la Educación y del Trabajo porque se desarrolló y validó desde una base teórica y empírica considerando la realidad de la cultura brasileña.

Validez predictiva de las competencias socioemocionales sobre la resiliencia en adolescentes mexicanos

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el nivel predictivo de las competencias socioemocionales sobre la resiliencia, por lo que se aplicaron el Inventario de Competencias Socioemocionales (EQi-YV) y la Escala de Resiliencia para Adolescentes (READ) a una muestra de 840 adolescentes mexicanos. Los resultados obtenidos a través de un análisis de ecuaciones estructurales, señalan que las habilidades de adaptabilidad, así como el optimismo y el autoconcepto, favorecen la competencia personal. Mientras que las competencias interpersonales y la capacidad para generar emociones positivas, predicen las competencias sociales asociadas a la resiliencia. Destaca que el manejo de emociones negativas como el enojo, pierde significancia en el modelo. Los resultados se discuten a la luz de la importancia del desarrollo positivo del adolescente.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify the predictive level of socio-emotional skills on resilience. The Inventory of Socioemotional Skills (EQi-YV) and the Resilience Scale for Adolescents (READ) were applied to a sample of 840 Mexican adolescents. The results obtained through a structural equation analysis, indicated that adaptability, optimism and selfsteem, promote personal competences, while interpersonal skills and generating a positive mood, facilitate social competence associated with resilience. The management of negative emotions, like anger, lost significance in the model. The results are discussed in light of the importance of positive adolescent development.

Applicability of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (for Parents) in Hearing Impaired Children Aged 3-7 Years / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To explore the application of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (the edition for parents) (SDQ) in children with hearing impairment aged three to seven years. Methods:From November, 2018 to March, 2019, 85 hearing impaired children aged three to seven years in Ningxia Disabled Rehabilitation Center were tested by SDQ and Meadow-Kendall Social-Emotional Assessment Inventory (SEAI). After six weeks, 14 randomly sampled subjects were retested. Results:The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the total SDQ was 0.669 and that of sub-dimensions was 0.724 respectively, and that of subscales ranged from 0.275 to 0.657. And the test-retest reliabilities after six weeks were between 0.543 and 0.898 (P < 0.05). The scores of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems, and total difficulties on SDQ were related to SEAI. The detection rate of emotional behavior problems was 22.4%. There was no significant difference between genders and age groups in the scores and the detection rates of emotional behavior problems (P > 0.05). Conclusion:SDQ can be used as a screening tool for the hearing impaired children aged three to seven years.

Revisión sistemática sobre los programas de Entrenamiento Socioemocional para niños y adolescentes de 6 a 18 años publicados entre 2011 y 2015 / Systematic Review of Social-Emotional Training Programs For Children and Adolescents

Resumen En las últimas décadas ha aumentado el número de publicaciones sobre programas de entrenamiento socioemocional y se consideran como factores protectores que facilitan la adaptación de la persona al contexto y favorecen un mejor afrontamiento ante diferentes situaciones de la vida, así como ante situaciones de estrés. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue realizar una revisión sistemática de programas de entrenamiento socioemocional realizados en niños y adolescentes con el fin de seleccionar los más apropiados. El proceso de búsqueda se efectuó a partir de las bases de datos: PsycInfo, MedLine, ERIC, Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y El Caribe, Scielo, PUBMED, con palabras claves en inglés y español. Los resultados muestran que, de los 19 artículos que fueron seleccionados por cumplir con los criterios, se identificaron 17 programas de entrenamiento, la mayoría realizados en España y en el período 2011-2015. Los objetivos fueron, en mayor medida, destinados a entrenar la inteligencia emocional, seguido por los entrenamientos mixtos y en menor medida los destinados a entrenar las habilidades sociales. Se identificaron las técnicas empleadas en estos programas, la duración promedio de las intervenciones, la modalidad de aplicación, los administradores y los destinatarios. Por último, del total de los estudios analizados, la mayoría evidencia efectividad del entrenamiento para algunas de las variables analizadas. La evidencia presentada puede ser de utilidad para investigadores y profesionales del área de la salud y la educación que trabajen con niños y adolescentes.

Abstract: In recent decades the number of publications on social-emotional training programs has increased, achieving consideration as protective factors that facilitate the adaptation of the individual to their context and allow better coping with different life situations, as well as of stressful situations. The objective of the present study was to perform a systematic review of social-emotional training programs in children and adolescents in order to select the most appropriate ones. The search process was carried out in the following databases: PsycInfo, MedLine, ERIC, Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, Scielo, PUBMED, with key words in English and Spanish and certain inclusion criteria. The results showed that of the 19 articles that were selected because they met the criteria, 17 training programs were identified, most of them carried out in Spain during the 2011-2015 period. The objectives of these training programs were to a greater extent, adapted to emotional intelligence, followed to a lesser extent by mixed training. The techniques used in these programs were identified, together with the duration of the interventions, the mode of application, the administrators and the recipients. Finally, of the total studies analyzed, most evidenced the effectiveness of training for some of the variables analyzed. The evidence presented may be useful for researchers and professionals in the area of health and education who work with children and adolescents.

The Bayley-III Adaptive Behavior and Social-Emotional Scales as Important Predictors of Later School-Age Outcomes of Children Born Preterm

PURPOSE: We aim to assess the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition (Bayley-III), Adaptive Behavior (AB) and Social-Emotional (SE) scales at 18 to 24 months of corrected age (CA) to examine their associations with school-age cognitive and behavioral outcomes in children born preterm. METHODS: Eighty-eight infants born with a very low birth weight ( < 1,500 g) or a gestational age of less than 32 weeks who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit from 2008 to 2009 were included. Of the 88 children who completed school-age tests at 6 to 8 years of age, 37 were assessed using the Bayley-III, including the AB and SE scales, at 18 to 24 months of CA. Correlation, cross-tabulation, and receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed to assess the longitudinal associations. RESULTS: A significant association was observed between communication scores on the Bayley-III AB scale at 18 to 24 months of CA and the Korean version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (K-WISC) full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) at school age (r=0.531). The total behavior problem scores of the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL) at school age were significantly negatively related to the Bayley-III SE and AB scales but not to the cognitive, language, or motor scales. CONCLUSION: Our findings encourage AB and SE assessments during the toddler stage and have important implications for the early identification of children in need of intervention and the establishment of guidelines for follow-up with high-risk infants.

Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ): evidence of construct validity and internal consistency / Questionário de Regulação Emocional (QRE): evidências de validade de construto e consistência interna / Cuestionario de Regulación Emocional (CRE): evidencias de validez de constructo y consistencia interna

Gather evidence of construct and convergent validity and internal consistency of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). A total of 441 students, mostly female (54.6%), with a mean age of 16 years (SD = 1.14), answered the ERQ and demographic questions. They were randomly distributed in two databases, which were submitted to exploratory (sample 1) and confirmatory factor analysis (sample 2). The exploratory results indicated a three-factor structure: Cognitive Reappraisal, Redirection of Attentional Focus and Emotional Suppression, which together explained 59.3% of the total variance (α = 0,67; α = 0,63; α = 0,64). For the confirmatory analyses, the following goodness-of-fit indices were found: χ² (24) = 67.02, p <0.001; χ² / df = 2.79, GFI = 0.93; AGFI = 0.88; CFI = 0.88 and RMSEA = 0.08 (IC 90% = 0.064-0.100). Thus, it is concluded that the ERQ possesses satisfactory psychometric indices, being the promising instrument for evaluation of emotion regulation. (AU)

Verificar evidências de validade de construto, validade convergente e consistência interna do Questionário de Regulação Emocional (QRE). Participaram 441 estudantes, a maioria do sexo feminino (54,6%), com idade média de 16 anos (DP = 1,14), respondendo ao QRE e dados sociodemográficos. Distribuíram-se aleatoriamente em dois bancos de dados, nos quais foram submetidos à análise fatorial exploratória (amostra 1) e confirmatória (amostra 2). Os resultados exploratórios apontaram uma estrutura trifatorial: Reavaliação Cognitiva, Redirecionamento do foco de atenção e Supressão Emocional, que explicaram conjuntamente 59,3% da variância total (α= 0,67; α =0,63; α= 0,64). Nas análises confirmatórias, foram encontrados os respectivos índices de bondade de ajuste: χ²(24) = 67,02, p < 0,001; χ²/gl = 2,79, GFI = 0,93; AGFI = 0,88; CFI = 0,88 e RMSEA = 0,08 (IC90% = 0,064 - 0,014). Desse modo, conclui-se que o QRE possui índices psicométricos satisfatórios, sendo um instrumento promissor para avaliação da regulação emocional. (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar evidencias de validez de constructo, validez convergente y consistencia interna del Cuestionario de Regulación Emocional (CRE). Participaron 441 estudiantes, en su mayoría de sexo femenino (54,6%) con edad promedio de 16 años (DE = 1,14), que respondieron el CRE y datos sociodemográficos. Ellos fueron distribuídos aleatoriamente en dos bancos de datos en los cuales fueron sometidos a análisis factorial exploratorio (muestra 1) y confirmatorio (muestra 2). Los resultados exploratorios señalaron una estructura trifactorial: Reevaluación Cognitiva, Redireccionamiento de foco de Atención y Supresión Emocional, que en conjunto explicaron 59,3% de la varianza total (α= 0,67; α =0,63; α= 0,64). En los análisis confirmatorios, se encontraron respectivamente los índices de bondad de ajuste: χ²(24) = 67,02, p<0,001; χ² / gl = 2,79, GFI = 0,93; AGFI = 0,88; CFI = 0,88 e RMSEA = 0,08 (IC90% = 0,064 - 0,014). Por lo tanto, se concluye que el CRE posee índices psicométricos satisfactorios, siendo un instrumento prometedor para evaluar la regulación emocional. (AU)

Mensurando Habilidades Socioemocionais de Crianças e Adolescentes: Desenvolvimento e Validação de uma Bateria (Nota Técnica) / Avaliando las Habilidades Socioemocionales de Niños y Adolescentes: Desarrollo e Validación de una Batería / Measuring Socioemotional Skills of Children and Adolescents: Development and Validation of Battery (Technical Note)

Resumo As habilidades socioemocionais (HSE) têm sido compreendidas como um construto multidimensional, composto por variáveis emocionais, cognitivas e comportamentais que auxiliam no desenvolvimento saudável ao longo do ciclo vital. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado que as HSE podem ser desenvolvidas e aprendidas. Nesse sentido, há, atualmente, uma ampla concordância que o sistema educacional de ensino deve focar não só no desenvolvimento cognitivo, mas também no desenvolvimento das competências sociais e emocionais de crianças e adolescentes. A presente nota técnica descreve, brevemente, o procedimento de criação e as propriedades psicométricas de seis instrumentos de avaliação de HSE. As escalas foram desenvolvidas para mensurar o Programa Semente - um novo programa de aprendizagem de habilidades socioemocionais. Os instrumentos mensuram as facetas propostas pelo Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL), a saber: autoconhecimento, autocontrole, perseverança, empatia, decisões responsáveis e comportamentos prossociais. Todos os instrumentos apresentam evidências de validade baseada na estrutura interna (estrutura fatorial, fidedignidade, invariância configural, métrica e escalar) bem como na relação com medidas externas (padrões de validade convergente e/ou concorrente). A versão final da bateria é composta por 45 itens. Juntos os construtos formam um fator de segunda-ordem, denominado HSE, que, também apresentou adequados índices de ajuste.

Resumen Las habilidades socioemocionales (HSE) son comprendidas como un constructo multidimensional, que consiste en variables emocionales, cognitivas y comportamentales que ayudan en el desarrollo saludable durante todo el ciclo de vida. Estudios recientes han demostrado que las HSE suelen ser desarrolladas y aprendidas. En este sentido, hoy en día existe un amplio consenso en que el sistema educativo de enseño debe centrarse no sólo en el desarrollo cognitivo, sino también en el desarrollo de habilidades sociales y emocionales de los niños y adolescentes. Esta nota técnica describe brevemente el procedimiento de creación y las propiedades psicométricas de seis herramientas de evaluación de HSE. Las escalas fueran diseñadas para medir el Programa Semente - un nuevo programa brasileño de aprendizaje de habilidades socioemocionales. Los instrumentos mensuran las HSE en conformidad con la propuesta del Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL): autoconocimiento, autocontrol, perseverancia, empatía, decisiones responsables y comportamientos pro-sociales. Todos los instrumentos presentaran evidencias de validez en base a la estructura interna (estructura factorial, fiabilidad, invariancia configuracional, métrica y escalar), así como en relación con las medidas externas (validez convergente y/o concurrente). La versión final de la batería es compuesta de 45 ítems. Juntos, los constructos forman un factor de segundo-orden llamado HSE, que también mostró índices de ajuste adecuados.

Abstract Social emotional skills (SES) is comprehended as a multidimensional construct, composed of emotional, cognitive and behavioral variables that positively affect healthy development throughout the life span. Recent studies have shown that SES can be developed and learned. In this sense, there is currently a broad agreement that the educational system should not solely focus on cognitive development but also on the development of children and adolescents' social and emotional competencies. This technical note briefly describes the development process and the psychometric properties of six scales aiming to measure SES. The scales were designed to measure the Programa Semente - a newly developed Brazilian social emotional learning (SEL) program. The instruments measure the constructs proposed by Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL): self-knowledge, self-control, perseverance, empathy, responsible decision-making and prossocial behaviors. All the instruments presented evidence of validity based on the internal structure (factorial structure, reliability, configural, metric and scalar invariance) as well as based on external measures (convergent and/or concurrent validity). The final battery is composed of 45 items. Together, the constructs form a second-order factor, called SES, which, also, presented adequate goodness-of-fit indexes.

Pais e/ou professores? Acordo entre informadores na avaliação socioemocional de pré-escolares / Parents and/or teachers? Inter-ratter agreement on preschoolers social-emotional assessment

Pais e professores são os informadores mais requisitados na avaliação socioemocional em idade pré-escolar. Todavia, o facto de informadores que interagem com a criança em diversos contextos poderem ter perspetivas distintas coloca, frequentemente, em causa a fiabilidade e validade desses relatos. O presente artigo tem por objetivo rever 22 estudos de 57 identificados, publicados desde 1987 até 2011, acerca do acordo entre informadores dos contextos familiar e escolar, no preenchimento de inventários comportamentais. Os vários estudos sugerem um grau de acordo reduzido a moderado e a inexistência de um informador-chave na avaliação socioemocional, alertando para a necessidade de recolha paralela da perspetiva de pais e professores, para obter um retrato mais completo dos comportamentos. São discutidas as implicações dos resultados para estudos futuros...

Parents and teachers are the most requested informants for preschool social-emotional assessment. However, the fact that informants who interact with the child in different settings may have different perspectives frequently calls into question the reliability and validity of these reports. The present paper intends to review 22 studies of 57 identified, published between 1987 and 2011, about the agreement between informants from home and school settings while completing rating scales. The studies suggest a low to moderate informant agreement and the inexistence of a key-informant in social-emotional assessment, therefore drawing attention to the need to collect the perspectives of both parents and teachers, as a means of achieving a more complete picture of behaviors. Results are discussed in their implications for future research...

The Social-emotional Competence of Hearing-impaired Children and Its Related Factors / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To explore the social-emotional competence of hearing-impaired children and its related factors. Methods A questionnaire was used to investigate the social-emotional competence, hearing status, temperament and parenting style of 68 hearing-impaired children. Results and Conclusion The social-emotional problems of hearing-impaired children were prominent, especially in the dimension of externalizing behavior (13.23%) and competence (10.29%). The girls had more implicit behavior problems than the boys (P<0.05). Aided thresholds, children's temperament and parenting style had significant influence on social-emotional competence of hearing-impaired children (P<0.05).

Uso de inventários comportamentais para a avaliação socioemocional em idade pré-escolar / The use of rating scales in the social-emotional assessment of pre-schoolers / Uso de inventarios conductuales para la evaluación socioemocional en edad preescolar

Os últimos 30 anos pautam-se por um aumento do interesse pela avaliação do desenvolvimento/funcionamento socioemocional das crianças em idade pré-escolar. Porém, a avaliação dessa população mais nova, com características específicas (exemplo, vocabulário limitado), exige o recurso a uma abordagem distinta da utilizada com crianças em idade escolar/adultos. Nesse contexto, a utilizaçãode escalas de avaliação/inventários comportamentais tem assumido um lugar de destaque. O presente artigo tem por objetivo salientara importância da utilização de escalas de avaliação enquanto medidas do funcionamento socioemocional de crianças pré-escolares. A análise crítica efetuada indica que, apesar de diversas vantagens (exemplo, tempo de aplicação e custos reduzidos), existem também algumas limitações inerentes ao uso desse tipo de instrumento de avaliação (exemplo, tendência de resposta), sendo apontadas recomendações para uma utilização mais eficaz.

The last 30 years are ruled by an increased interest in the assessment of the social-emotional development/functioning of preschool children. However, the assessment of this younger population, with specific characteristics (example, restricted vocabulary), requiresthe use of a distinct approach from the one used with school age children/adults. In this context, the use of rating scales has assumeda prominent role. The present paper aims to highlight the importance of rating scales as a measure of preschoolers’ social-emotional functioning. The critical review indicates that, despite several advantages (example, brevity and cost efficiency), there are also some limitations related to this kind of assessment instrument (example, bias of response), and recommendations for its efficient use are pointed out.

Los últimos 30 años son impulsados por un creciente interés en la evaluación del desarrollo/funcionamiento socioemocional de los niños en edad preescolar. Todavia, la evaluación de esa población tan joven, que posee características específicas (ejemplo, vocabulario limitado), exige un enfoque diferente de aquel que se utiliza con niños en edad escolar/adultos. En ese contexto, el uso de escalasde evaluación/inventarios conductuales ha pasado a ocupar un lugar destacado. El objetivo de este artículo es poner de manifiestola importancia de la utilización de escalas de evaluación como medidas del funcionamiento socioemocional de los niños en edad preescolar. El análisis crítico realizado revela que a pesar de poseer una serie de ventajas (ejemplo, tiempo de aplicación y costereducido), ese tipo de instrumento de evaluación tiene también algunas limitaciones inherentes (ejemplo, el sesgo de respuesta), porlo que se aportan recomendaciones para una utilización más eficaz.

Reliability and Validity of Meadow-Kendall Social-emotional Assessment Inventory for Deaf and Hearing-impaired Students Preschool Version in China / 中国康复理论与实践

@# Objective To explore the reliability and validity of Meadow-Kendall Social-Emotional Assessment Inventory (SEAI) for Deaf and Hearing-Impaired Students Preschool Version in China. Methods 96 hearing-impaired children were assessed with SEAI, and 30 of them were assessed with Conners Teacher Rating Scale (TRS), 30 by another teacher, 30 by the first teacher 2 weeks later. The data were analyzed with Pearson's or Spearman's correlation analysis. Results For sociable communicative behaviors, impulsive dominating behaviors, developmental lags, anxious compulsive behaviors, items related to deafness, test-retest reliability (correlated coefficient, r) was 0.94,0.55, 0.87, 0.31, 0.74; and Cronbach's α was 0.70, 0.76, 0.76, 0.80, 0.68. The inter-rater reliability was 0.90, 0.58, 0.46, 0.14, 0.55. The subscales of SEAI were correlated (r=-0.36~-0.89, P<0.05) with the subscales of TRS. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the subscale model of SEAI was reasonable. Conclusion The SEAI for Deaf and Hearing-impaired Students Preschool Version can be used for Chinese hearing-impaired children.